LOD: fix inverted normals on decimated meshes + rim protection

Root cause of the user-reported artifacts (stripes disappearing on the
far LOD): normals were RECOMPUTED from the surviving faces after the
collapse. uv_sphere is wound inward, so the recomputed normals pointed
inward — the far LOD was back-face-lit (measured deviation 2.0 vs 0.0
on L0).

Fix — normals are INHERITED, never recomputed:
- welded() now also welds normals (first-encountered per cluster)
- Collapse owns the normal table; collapse_edge λ-blends + renormalizes
  at the same λ as the position (no seam guard: the attribute-aware
  weld kept hard-edge vertices separate, so no edge crosses a shading
  break)
- compaction reads the post-collapse table instead of recomputing
- the outward reorientation added earlier is removed: the source
  winding + normals are preserved as-is, so every LOD level is
  shading-compatible with L0 whatever the source orientation

Rim protection (attribute-aware weld leaves UV-seam slits / pole fans
as boundary rims): a face touching such a rim is never removed while
interior collapses remain — strict PQ mode (edges whose incident faces
are fully interior, re-validated at pop) with a best-effort fallback
when the interior alone cannot reach the target. Seam-free meshes
(icosahedron) stay topologically closed; sewn meshes stay geometrically
complete (no hole at the slit) — tests now assert seam-column survival.

Docs: gpu-driven.md §LOD, ARCHI_CPU_GPU LOD note, ROADMAP 4.3 updated
with the attribute-aware weld + rim protection + inherited normals.

Gate: fmt ✓, check 0 warnings ✓, 104 tests ✓, demo runs ✓.
Measured (uv_sphere 32×20): normal max deviation 0.0000 on L0–L2
(was 2.0000), UV max error 0.0084 vs analytical (was 0.5000).

docs/ROADMAP.md

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ generated: { by: human:jerome, at: 2026-07-31T00:00:00Z }
 
 ### 4.3 Optimisations
 - [x] Batching par Material (réduction des state changes GPU) — 2026-09-22 (Étape 18 : draws groupés par `Arc<Material>` dans la passe principale, 1 `set_pipeline` par matériau distinct — le démo passe de 7 à 3 ; pass d'ombre inchangé)
-- [x] Level of Detail (LOD) — 2026-09-23 (Étape 19 : ≤ 4 niveaux/mesh — L0 exacte, L1–L3 par **quadric edge collapse** (Garland–Heckbert) au setup (`Geometry::decimated`/`generate_lod_levels` : arêtes classées par coût quadrique, repli interne −2 faces / bordure −1, un mesh fermé reste fermé, weld tolérance 1e-6, rebase u16), packés dans les buffers vertex/index du mesh (offsets en unités d'élément, plafond 65 535 sommets) ; décision par frame **côté CPU** (sphère bounding projetée en pixels + hystérésis asymétrique ×0.8 — `math/lod.rs` pure, unit-testée), exécution **côté GPU** (le pass `cull` mappe niveau → ligne de la table LOD → args indirects) ; **activé par défaut**, `set_lod_enabled(false)` → rendu bit-à-bit identique au pré-LOD. Vérifié par readback GPU : zoom 4,6× → tous les meshes multi-niveaux passent au niveau 1 avec exactement leurs lignes L1 (ex. sphère 3840 → 1824 indices), stable frame à frame)
+- [x] Level of Detail (LOD) — 2026-09-23 (Étape 19 : ≤ 4 niveaux/mesh — L0 exacte, L1–L3 par **quadric edge collapse** (Garland–Heckbert) au setup (`Geometry::decimated`/`generate_lod_levels` : arêtes classées par coût quadrique, repli interne −2 faces / bordure −1, weld tolérance 1e-6 **conscient des attributs** (UV ≤ ½ tuile + normales dot > 0.9 — jamais à travers une seam/côte dure), mesh sans couture reste fermé, lèvres de couture protégées sinon (surface géométriquement complète), UVs/couleurs/normales interpolés au repli (normales héritées, jamais recalculées), rebase u16), packés dans les buffers vertex/index du mesh (offsets en unités d'élément, plafond 65 535 sommets) ; décision par frame **côté CPU** (sphère bounding projetée en pixels + hystérésis asymétrique ×0.8 — `math/lod.rs` pure, unit-testée), exécution **côté GPU** (le pass `cull` mappe niveau → ligne de la table LOD → args indirects) ; **activé par défaut**, `set_lod_enabled(false)` → rendu bit-à-bit identique au pré-LOD. Vérifié par readback GPU : zoom 4,6× → tous les meshes multi-niveaux passent au niveau 1 avec exactement leurs lignes L1 (ex. sphère 3840 → 1824 indices), stable frame à frame)
 - [ ] HDR + Tone Mapping (optionnel)
 
 ### 4.4 Gestion du Resize (cycle de vie Surface + Depth)

docs/tech/ARCHI_CPU_GPU.md

@@ -42,9 +42,12 @@ Ce document sert de spécification technique et de trame d'implémentation pour
 > (rayon de la sphère bounding projeté en pixels + hystérésis asymétrique — `math/lod.rs`, pur et unit-testé) ;
 > le GPU n'effectue que le mappage niveau → ligne de la table LOD du mesh. Les niveaux d'un mesh sont
 > générés par **quadric edge collapse** (Garland–Heckbert) au setup (`Geometry::decimated` : les
-> arêtes au coût quadrique minimal sont repliées en premier, un mesh fermé reste fermé — pas de
+> arêtes au coût quadrique minimal sont repliées en premier ; soudure **consciente des attributs**
-> trous, pas de « books » ; soudure tolérance 1e-6, UVs/couleurs interpolés au repli — jamais
+> — un doublon ne fusionne que si UV proches (≤ ½ tuile) ET normales proches (dot > 0.9) — ; un mesh
-> à travers une seam UV —, rebase u16) et **empilés dans les buffers vertex/index du mesh** (offsets en
+> sans couture reste fermé, sur un mesh couturé les lèvres de couture sont protégées (pas de trous,
+> pas de « books ») ; UVs/couleurs/normales interpolés au repli, normales **héritées** de la source
+> (jamais recalculées — l'éclairage reste identique au niveau 0 quelle que soit l'orientation source),
+> jamais à travers une seam UV ; rebase u16) et **empilés dans les buffers vertex/index du mesh** (offsets en
 > unités d'élément, pas d'octet — c'est ce qu'exigent les arguments `drawIndirect*` de WebGPU ; plafond u16 :
 > 65 535 sommets/mesh, 4 niveaux max). LOD activé par défaut ; `set_lod_enabled(false)` restaure un rendu
 > bit-à-bit identique au pré-LOD (niveau 0 partout = comptes complets). Détail : `docs/user/gpu-driven.md`

docs/user/gpu-driven.md

@@ -96,11 +96,17 @@ CPU):
    automatically from level 0 by **quadric edge collapse** (Garland–Heckbert,
    `Geometry::generate_lod_levels`): edges are ranked by quadric error and collapsed
    cheapest-first; an interior collapse merges both incident triangles (−2 faces) and remaps the
-   neighbours — no new face, so a **closed mesh stays closed** (no holes, no non-manifold
+   neighbours — no new face, so a **seam-free mesh stays closed** (no holes, no non-manifold
-   "books"), a boundary collapse removes one face; duplicate corners are welded (relative
+   "books") and a boundary collapse removes one face; duplicate corners are welded **aware of
-   tolerance 1e-6); a survivor **moved** by a collapse gets its UV/color **interpolated**
+   their attributes** (relative position tolerance 1e-6, merged only when the UVs are within half
-   between the collapsed endpoints (same λ as its new position — the texture stays attached
+   a tile and the normals within ~25° — a seam or a hard edge stays a separate corner, so a
-   to the surface and coarsens smoothly across levels, never across a UV seam), and the
+   collapse can never cross a texture chart or a shading break; on a mesh with a UV seam the
+   seam's lips are then *protected* — their faces never collapse while interior ones remain — so
+   the surface stays geometrically complete); a survivor **moved** by a collapse gets its
+   UV/color/normal **interpolated** between the collapsed endpoints (same λ as its new position —
+   texture and shading stay attached to the surface and coarsen smoothly across levels, never
+   across a UV seam; normals are **inherited from the source, never recomputed**, so the lighting
+   is identical to level 0 whatever the source's winding), and the
    levels are **packed into the mesh's single
    vertex/index buffers** (see the constraint below). Level 0 is always your exact geometry.
 2. **Per frame (CPU).** For each entity, the bounding sphere used by culling is projected to screen
@@ -219,8 +225,8 @@ and verified fixed, see the D14 note in `docs/tech/ARCHI_CPU_GPU.md`.)
 - **Mesh bounding boxes are recomputed when meshes are added**; a scene whose mesh set changes
   at runtime simply re-uploads the small bbox table (a few bytes per mesh).
 - **LOD levels are packed into the mesh's own buffers**: u16 indices cap the *total* across all
-  levels at 65 535 vertices, and there are at most 4 levels. The decimation (smallest-triangle
+  levels at 65 535 vertices, and there are at most 4 levels. The decimation (quadric edge collapse
-  removal + welding) is a setup-time cost only (a few ms for thousands of triangles); the
+  + attribute-aware welding) is a setup-time cost only (a few ms for thousands of triangles); the
   per-frame cost is one sphere projection per entity on the CPU.
 - **LOD detail loss is visible by design** — the hysteresis dead band makes the pop rare and
   one-directional (immediate when gaining detail, delayed when losing it), but a coarse level is

lib/src/math/geometry.rs

@@ -378,19 +378,55 @@ impl Geometry {
         (cx * cx + cy * cy + cz * cz).sqrt() * 0.5
     }
 
-    /// Welds the given triangles into a single vertex table (positions + optional
+    /// Attribute-aware weld (used by [`Self::decimated`]): positions within a small
-    /// per-vertex attributes) and u32 face indices — the form [`Collapse`] operates on.
+    /// relative tolerance are clustered, but a duplicate is merged into a cluster only
-    /// Welding uses a small **relative** tolerance (1e-6 of the bounding box, at least
+    /// when it also shares the same UV tile region (within half a tile — a full-tile
-    /// 1e-6 world units): positions that agree within it are the same vertex. This
+    /// jump is a texture seam) and nearly the same normal (dot > 0.9, ≈25° — a larger
-    /// absorbs the near-duplicates produced by trig generation (`sin(2π) ≠ 0` — the seam
+    /// angle is a hard edge). Seam and hard-edge duplicates therefore stay separate, so
-    /// of a torus or UV sphere) so they weld cleanly, while never merging distinct
+    /// an edge collapse can never cross a texture chart or a hard edge: the decimated
-    /// vertices of a well-formed mesh. A welded group's UV/color is the value of the
+    /// level keeps the source's per-chart texture and shading layout.
-    /// **first vertex encountered** (deterministic; the first triangle's seam UV wins).
     fn welded(
         &self,
         tris: &[[u32; 3]],
     ) -> (
         Vec<[f32; 3]>,
+        Option<Vec<[f32; 3]>>,
+        Option<Vec<[f32; 2]>>,
+        Option<Vec<[f32; 4]>>,
+        Vec<[u32; 3]>,
+    ) {
+        self.welded_inner(tris, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Position-only weld (attribute-blind) — used by [`is_closed`]: it welds the trig
+    /// seams even when the duplicated vertices carry different charts, so topological
+    /// closedness is measured on the geometric surface, not on the attribute layout.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    fn welded_by_position(
+        &self,
+        tris: &[[u32; 3]],
+    ) -> (
+        Vec<[f32; 3]>,
+        Option<Vec<[f32; 3]>>,
+        Option<Vec<[f32; 2]>>,
+        Option<Vec<[f32; 4]>>,
+        Vec<[u32; 3]>,
+    ) {
+        self.welded_inner(tris, false)
+    }
+
+    /// Shared weld (see the two wrappers): a grid of **relative-tolerance** position
+    /// clusters (1e-6 of the bounding box, at least 1e-6 world units — absorbs the
+    /// near-duplicates produced by trig generation, `sin(2π) ≠ 0`), plus the attribute
+    /// test in attribute-aware mode. A welded group's attributes (normal/UV/color) are
+    /// the value of its **first vertex encountered** (deterministic).
+    fn welded_inner(
+        &self,
+        tris: &[[u32; 3]],
+        attrs_aware: bool,
+    ) -> (
+        Vec<[f32; 3]>,
+        Option<Vec<[f32; 3]>>,
         Option<Vec<[f32; 2]>>,
         Option<Vec<[f32; 4]>>,
         Vec<[u32; 3]>,
@@ -409,10 +445,16 @@ impl Geometry {
         let cell = |p: &[f32; 3]| [0, 1, 2].map(|k| (p[k] * inv).round() as i64);
 
         let mut positions: Vec<[f32; 3]> = Vec::with_capacity(self.positions.len());
+        let mut normals: Option<Vec<[f32; 3]>> = self.normals.is_some().then(Vec::new);
         let mut uvs: Option<Vec<[f32; 2]>> = self.uvs.is_some().then(Vec::new);
         let mut colors: Option<Vec<[f32; 4]>> = self.colors.is_some().then(Vec::new);
-        // Grid cell → welded id (broad phase; candidates are verified by distance).
+        // Grid cell → welded ids (broad phase; candidates are verified by distance, and
-        let mut grid: std::collections::HashMap<[i64; 3], u32> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        // by attribute compatibility in attribute-aware mode). A cell holds several ids
+        // when attribute-duplicated vertices (seam/hard edge) live at one position.
+        let mut grid: std::collections::HashMap<[i64; 3], Vec<u32>> =
+            std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        // Welded id → source vertex id of the group's first encountered member.
+        let mut rep: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(self.positions.len());
         let mut new_indices: Vec<u32> = Vec::with_capacity(tris.len() * 3);
         for tri in tris {
             for &vi in tri.iter() {
@@ -425,14 +467,22 @@ impl Geometry {
                     for dy in -1i64..=1 {
                         for dz in -1i64..=1 {
                             let key = [c[0] + dx, c[1] + dy, c[2] + dz];
-                            if let Some(&candidate) = grid.get(&key) {
+                            if let Some(cands) = grid.get(&key) {
-                                let cp = &positions[candidate as usize];
+                                for &candidate in cands {
-                                let d2 = (0..3)
+                                    let cp = &positions[candidate as usize];
-                                    .map(|k| (pos[k] - cp[k]) * (pos[k] - cp[k]))
+                                    let d2 = (0..3)
-                                    .sum::<f32>();
+                                        .map(|k| (pos[k] - cp[k]) * (pos[k] - cp[k]))
-                                if d2 <= 3.0 * eps * eps {
+                                        .sum::<f32>();
-                                    ni = Some(candidate);
+                                    if d2 <= 3.0 * eps * eps
-                                    break 'search;
+                                        && (!attrs_aware
+                                            || self.attrs_compatible(
+                                                vi as usize,
+                                                rep[candidate as usize],
+                                            ))
+                                    {
+                                        ni = Some(candidate);
+                                        break 'search;
+                                    }
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -443,13 +493,17 @@ impl Geometry {
                     None => {
                         let ni = positions.len() as u32;
                         positions.push(*pos);
+                        rep.push(vi as usize);
+                        if let Some(normals) = &mut normals {
+                            normals.push(self.normals.as_ref().unwrap()[vi as usize]);
+                        }
                         if let Some(uvs) = &mut uvs {
                             uvs.push(self.uvs.as_ref().unwrap()[vi as usize]);
                         }
                         if let Some(colors) = &mut colors {
                             colors.push(self.colors.as_ref().unwrap()[vi as usize]);
                         }
-                        grid.entry(c).or_insert(ni);
+                        grid.entry(c).or_default().push(ni);
                         ni
                     }
                 };
@@ -460,7 +514,27 @@ impl Geometry {
             .chunks_exact(3)
             .map(|c| [c[0], c[1], c[2]])
             .collect();
-        (positions, uvs, colors, faces)
+        (positions, normals, uvs, colors, faces)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether two source vertices (known to be within the weld tolerance) belong to the
+    /// same texture chart / shading region: same UV tile region (within half a tile) and
+    /// nearly the same normal (dot > 0.9, ≈25°). Missing attribute tables are skipped
+    /// (position-only weld). Assumes normalized normals.
+    fn attrs_compatible(&self, i: usize, j: usize) -> bool {
+        if let Some(uvs) = &self.uvs {
+            let (a, b) = (uvs[i], uvs[j]);
+            if (a[0] - b[0]).abs() > 0.5 || (a[1] - b[1]).abs() > 0.5 {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(normals) = &self.normals {
+            let (a, b) = (normals[i], normals[j]);
+            if a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2] <= 0.9 {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
     }
 
     /// Quadric edge-collapse decimation (Step 19, D10 — pure function, no GPU): returns an
@@ -477,13 +551,12 @@ impl Geometry {
     /// mesh stays closed — no holes — and an open mesh keeps its boundary: this is the
     /// topological guarantee that simple triangle removal can never give. Collapses that
     /// would create a non-manifold ("book") or a duplicate face are skipped; faces that
-    /// would degenerate are dropped. Smooth normals are **recomputed** over the surviving
+    /// would degenerate are dropped. A survivor **moved** by a collapse gets its
-    /// faces (only when the source had normals). A survivor **moved** by a collapse gets
+    /// UV/color/normal **re-interpolated** between the two collapsed endpoints at the same
-    /// its UV/color **re-interpolated** between the two collapsed endpoints at the same λ
+    /// λ as its new position, so the texture and shading stay attached to the surface and
-    /// as its new position, so the texture stays attached to the surface and coarsens
+    /// coarsen smoothly across levels; a UV seam (endpoints more than half a tile apart)
-    /// smoothly across levels; a UV seam (endpoints more than half a tile apart) is never
+    /// is never blended across — the survivor keeps its own value there — and a welded
-    /// blended across — the survivor keeps its own value there — and a welded group's
+    /// group's attributes are the value of the **first vertex encountered** (deterministic).
-    /// UV/color is the value of the **first vertex encountered** (deterministic).
     ///
     /// Fallback (never corrupts): target ≥ triangle count, target = 0, malformed input, or a
     /// result that would not fit u16 indices (≥ 65536 vertices) → `self.clone()`. Best
@@ -491,6 +564,20 @@ impl Geometry {
     /// and 1 on a boundary edge, so the target is reached exactly only when the topology
     /// allows it — otherwise the result is off by a triangle or two (never more: the loop
     /// stops as soon as it goes at or under the target).
+    ///
+    /// The **orientation is preserved** from the source: the output faces keep the
+    /// source winding, and the normals are inherited (λ-blended) from the source vertex
+    /// normals — never recomputed from the (possibly inward-wound) faces. Every LOD
+    /// level is therefore shading-compatible with L0, whatever the source's winding
+    /// (`uv_sphere` is wound inward but its normals point outward — both are kept as-is;
+    /// recomputing normals from the faces would have inverted them at the LOD switch).
+    ///
+    /// **Rim protection**: the attribute-aware weld leaves the UV-seam slit and pole
+    /// fans as *boundary loops* (topologically open rims on a geometrically closed
+    /// surface). A face touching such a rim is never removed while interior collapses
+    /// remain — killing it would open a real hole where the cut's other side used to be.
+    /// Only when the interior alone cannot reach the target (best effort) do boundary
+    /// collapses run: the rim then loses slivers, the standard open-mesh behavior.
     pub fn decimated(&self, target_triangles: u32) -> Geometry {
         let Some(tris) = self.non_degenerate_triangles() else {
             return self.clone();
@@ -501,22 +588,31 @@ impl Geometry {
         }
 
         // Welded form (one vertex table + u32 faces) — what edge collapse operates on.
-        let (wpos, wuvs, wcolors, wfaces) = self.welded(&tris);
+        let (wpos, wnormals, wuvs, wcolors, wfaces) = self.welded(&tris);
         if wfaces.is_empty() {
             return self.clone();
         }
 
         // Collapse down to `target_triangles` faces (or as close as the topology allows).
-        let mut c = Collapse::new(wpos, wuvs, wcolors, wfaces);
+        // The orientation is preserved as-is (source winding + source normals, inherited
-        let mut pq = c.rebuild_pq();
+        // through the collapse) — see the doc: the LOD levels are shading-compatible
+        // with L0 whatever the source's winding.
+        let mut c = Collapse::new(wpos, wnormals, wuvs, wcolors, wfaces);
+        // Strict mode (default): only edges whose faces are fully interior collapse —
+        // see the **Rim protection** doc. A dry strict queue drops to the best-effort
+        // fallback (boundary collapses allowed); a dry fallback queue ends the loop.
+        let mut strict = true;
+        let mut pq = c.rebuild_pq(strict);
         let mut rebuilds = 0u32;
         while c.face_count > target_triangles {
             let Some(EdgeCost(cost, a, b)) = pq.pop() else {
-                // Heap exhausted (fresh edges are not in it yet) → full rebuild.
+                // Heap exhausted (fresh edges are not in it yet) → full rebuild; a dry
-                let rebuilt = c.rebuild_pq();
+                // strict queue de-escalates to the fallback mode (see above).
+                let rebuilt = c.rebuild_pq(!strict);
                 if rebuilt.is_empty() {
                     break; // best effort: nothing left that can collapse
                 }
+                strict = false;
                 rebuilds += 1;
                 if rebuilds > 4 * t {
                     // Safety valve (pathological mesh: every remaining edge is rejected by
@@ -540,8 +636,8 @@ impl Geometry {
                 pq.push(EdgeCost(true_cost, a, b));
                 continue;
             }
-            if !c.collapse_edge(a, b, &mut pq) {
+            if !c.collapse_edge(a, b, strict, &mut pq) {
-                continue; // invalid (book/duplicate) → skipped; re-enters at a rebuild
+                continue; // invalid (book/duplicate/strict-rim) → skipped; re-enters at a rebuild
             }
         }
 
@@ -557,14 +653,18 @@ impl Geometry {
         let mut new_id = vec![u32::MAX; n];
         let mut new_positions: Vec<[f32; 3]> = Vec::with_capacity(n);
         // The collapses moved survivors to optimal points and re-interpolated their
-        // UVs/colors — these tables hold the post-collapse values.
+        // normals/UVs/colors — these tables hold the post-collapse values.
-        let (cuvs, ccolors) = (c.uvs.take(), c.colors.take());
+        let (cnormals, cuvs, ccolors) = (c.normals.take(), c.uvs.take(), c.colors.take());
+        let mut new_normals = cnormals.is_some().then(Vec::new);
         let mut new_uvs = cuvs.is_some().then(Vec::new);
         let mut new_colors = ccolors.is_some().then(Vec::new);
         for i in 0..n {
             if c.active[i] && referenced[i] {
                 new_id[i] = new_positions.len() as u32;
                 new_positions.push(c.pos[i]);
+                if let Some(normals) = &mut new_normals {
+                    normals.push(cnormals.as_ref().unwrap()[i]);
+                }
                 if let Some(uvs) = &mut new_uvs {
                     uvs.push(cuvs.as_ref().unwrap()[i]);
                 }
@@ -584,42 +684,9 @@ impl Geometry {
             }
         }
 
-        // Recompute smooth normals over the surviving faces (only when the source had
-        // normals).
-        let normals = self.normals.as_ref().map(|_| {
-            let mut acc = vec![[0.0f32; 3]; new_positions.len()];
-            for tri in new_indices.chunks_exact(3) {
-                let (ia, ib, ic) = (tri[0] as usize, tri[1] as usize, tri[2] as usize);
-                let pa = new_positions[ia];
-                let pb = new_positions[ib];
-                let pc = new_positions[ic];
-                let nrm = [
-                    (pb[1] - pa[1]) * (pc[2] - pa[2]) - (pb[2] - pa[2]) * (pc[1] - pa[1]),
-                    (pb[2] - pa[2]) * (pc[0] - pa[0]) - (pb[0] - pa[0]) * (pc[2] - pa[2]),
-                    (pb[0] - pa[0]) * (pc[1] - pa[1]) - (pb[1] - pa[1]) * (pc[0] - pa[0]),
-                ];
-                for vi in [ia, ib, ic] {
-                    let v = &mut acc[vi];
-                    v[0] += nrm[0];
-                    v[1] += nrm[1];
-                    v[2] += nrm[2];
-                }
-            }
-            acc.iter()
-                .map(|v| {
-                    let len = (v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2]).sqrt();
-                    if len < 1e-12 {
-                        [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]
-                    } else {
-                        [v[0] / len, v[1] / len, v[2] / len]
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect()
-        });
-
         Geometry {
             positions: new_positions,
-            normals,
+            normals: new_normals,
             uvs: new_uvs,
             colors: new_colors,
             indices: Some(new_indices),
@@ -669,6 +736,11 @@ impl Geometry {
 struct Collapse {
     /// Mutable positions: a collapse target moves to its optimal point.
     pos: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
+    /// Normals, λ-blended on a collapse like the UVs but with no seam guard (normals are
+    /// continuous on a smooth chart, and the attribute-aware weld kept hard-edge
+    /// duplicates separate). Inherited from the source, never recomputed (see
+    /// `Geometry::decimated`). `None` when the source had no normals.
+    normals: Option<Vec<[f32; 3]>>,
     /// UVs, moved in with the positions: a collapse target's UV is re-interpolated
     /// between the two collapsed endpoints (at the same λ as its new position) so the
     /// texture stays attached to the surface across levels. `None` when the source had
@@ -751,9 +823,35 @@ fn tri_sorted(mut t: [u32; 3]) -> [u32; 3] {
     t
 }
 
+/// True when the mesh is **closed** topologically: after a position-only weld, every
+/// edge lies in exactly two faces (no boundary edges → no holes). The position-only weld
+/// makes this robust to UV seams (the same position duplicated with different charts) and
+/// to attribute-duplicated pole vertices. Used by the decimation tests to check that
+/// seam-free inputs (icosahedron) stay topologically closed after the collapse.
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn is_closed(geo: &Geometry) -> bool {
+    let Some(tris) = geo.non_degenerate_triangles() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let (_pos, _normals, _uvs, _colors, faces) = geo.welded_by_position(&tris);
+    let mut edges: std::collections::HashMap<[u32; 2], u32> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+    for tri in &faces {
+        if tri[0] == tri[1] || tri[1] == tri[2] || tri[0] == tri[2] {
+            continue; // degenerate after welding (pole/seam duplicate) — no edges to count
+        }
+        for (i, j) in [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)] {
+            let (a, b) = (tri[i], tri[j]);
+            let key = if a < b { [a, b] } else { [b, a] };
+            *edges.entry(key).or_insert(0) += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    !edges.is_empty() && edges.values().all(|&c| c == 2)
+}
+
 impl Collapse {
     fn new(
         pos: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
+        normals: Option<Vec<[f32; 3]>>,
         uvs: Option<Vec<[f32; 2]>>,
         colors: Option<Vec<[f32; 4]>>,
         faces: Vec<[u32; 3]>,
@@ -761,6 +859,7 @@ impl Collapse {
         let n = pos.len();
         let mut c = Self {
             pos,
+            normals,
             uvs,
             colors,
             active: vec![true; n],
@@ -875,14 +974,20 @@ impl Collapse {
 
     /// Full priority-queue rebuild: every edge whose endpoints are both active and that
     /// has 1–2 living faces, ordered by (cost, a, b) — deterministic.
-    fn rebuild_pq(&self) -> std::collections::BinaryHeap<EdgeCost> {
+    ///
+    /// `strict`: only edges whose incident faces are **fully interior** (every edge in
+    /// exactly two living faces) are queued — see `decimated`'s **Rim protection**.
+    /// `!strict` (best-effort fallback) queues every 1–2 face edge, the standard
+    /// behavior where a boundary collapse may remove a face.
+    fn rebuild_pq(&self, strict: bool) -> std::collections::BinaryHeap<EdgeCost> {
         let mut pq = std::collections::BinaryHeap::new();
         for (&key, faces) in &self.edge_faces {
-            let live = faces
+            let live: Vec<u32> = faces
                 .iter()
-                .filter(|&&f| self.faces[f as usize].is_some())
+                .copied()
-                .count();
+                .filter(|&f| self.faces[f as usize].is_some())
-            if live == 0 || live > 2 {
+                .collect();
+            if live.is_empty() || live.len() > 2 {
                 continue;
             }
             let a = (key >> 32) as u32;
@@ -890,12 +995,34 @@ impl Collapse {
             if !self.active[a as usize] || !self.active[b as usize] {
                 continue;
             }
+            if strict && !live.iter().all(|&f| self.face_fully_interior(f)) {
+                continue;
+            }
             let (cost, _, _) = self.cost_and_point(a, b);
             pq.push(EdgeCost(cost, a, b));
         }
         pq
     }
 
+    /// True when every edge of face `f` lies in exactly two living faces (the face
+    /// touches no boundary). Only such a face may die in a strict collapse: each of its
+    /// edges has a live neighbour on the far side that the remap extends over the freed
+    /// area. A face with a boundary edge has an uncovered side — removing it opens a
+    /// hole (at a UV-seam slit, the far side is the cut's other rim, not a face).
+    fn face_fully_interior(&self, f: u32) -> bool {
+        let Some(tri) = self.faces[f as usize] else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        for i in 0..3 {
+            for j in (i + 1)..3 {
+                if self.edge_face_count(tri[i], tri[j]) != 2 {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
     /// Merges `s` into `t` and rewrites the edge's incident faces, or returns `false`
     /// when the collapse would create a non-manifold vertex or a duplicate face (the
     /// "book" test). Merge direction: the endpoint with the **smaller** face degree
@@ -907,6 +1034,7 @@ impl Collapse {
         &mut self,
         a: u32,
         b: u32,
+        strict: bool,
         pq: &mut std::collections::BinaryHeap<EdgeCost>,
     ) -> bool {
         let live_deg = |v: u32| {
@@ -939,6 +1067,12 @@ impl Collapse {
             return false;
         }
 
+        // Strict path: the pair faces must STILL be fully interior — a neighbour may
+        // have died since the edge was queued, opening a boundary edge on one of them.
+        if strict && !pair.iter().all(|&f| self.face_fully_interior(f)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         // Duplicate-face test (fold): every remapped face of `s` must stay unique among
         // the living faces of `t` and the other remapped faces (sorted triples). A
         // duplicate is a fold — the surface would double-cover a region — and is rejected.
@@ -997,10 +1131,12 @@ impl Collapse {
         self.pos[t as usize] = pt;
         // Keep the survivor's texture attributes consistent with its NEW position: the
         // optimal point is clamped to the segment, so it is (1−λ)·p_s + λ·p_t — blend the
-        // UVs/colors with the same λ and the texture stays attached to the surface (it
+        // UVs/colors/normals with the same λ and the texture/shading stay attached to the
-        // coarsens smoothly across levels instead of jumping). A UV **seam** (endpoints
+        // surface (they coarsen smoothly across levels instead of jumping). A UV **seam**
-        // more than half a tile apart) is never blended across — that would smear the
+        // (endpoints more than half a tile apart) is never blended across — that would
-        // texture across the seam — so the survivor keeps its own value there.
+        // smear the texture across the seam — so the survivor keeps its own value there.
+        // Normals are always blended: the weld kept hard-edge vertices separate, so no
+        // edge crosses a shading discontinuity.
         if let Some(uvs) = &mut self.uvs {
             let us = uvs[s as usize];
             let ut = uvs[t as usize];
@@ -1015,6 +1151,22 @@ impl Collapse {
                 colors[t as usize][k] = cs[k] + lam * (ct[k] - cs[k]);
             }
         }
+        if let Some(normals) = &mut self.normals {
+            let ns = normals[s as usize];
+            let nt = normals[t as usize];
+            let mut m = [0.0f32; 3];
+            for k in 0..3 {
+                m[k] = ns[k] + lam * (nt[k] - ns[k]);
+            }
+            // Re-normalize: a blend of two unit normals has a slightly sub-unit length.
+            let len = (m[0] * m[0] + m[1] * m[1] + m[2] * m[2]).sqrt();
+            if len > 1e-12 {
+                for k in 0..3 {
+                    m[k] /= len;
+                }
+                normals[t as usize] = m;
+            }
+        }
         let qs = self.quad[s as usize];
         self.quad[t as usize] += qs;
         self.active[s as usize] = false;
@@ -1249,28 +1401,6 @@ mod tests {
         .with_indices(vec![0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 0, 5, 6])
     }
 
-    /// True when the mesh is **closed** topologically: after welding by position, every
-    /// edge lies in exactly two faces (no boundary edges → no holes). Welding makes this
-    /// robust to UV seams (the same position duplicated with different UVs).
-    fn is_closed(geo: &Geometry) -> bool {
-        let Some(tris) = geo.non_degenerate_triangles() else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        let (_pos, _uvs, _colors, faces) = geo.welded(&tris);
-        let mut edges: std::collections::HashMap<[u32; 2], u32> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
-        for tri in &faces {
-            if tri[0] == tri[1] || tri[1] == tri[2] || tri[0] == tri[2] {
-                continue; // degenerate after welding (pole/seam duplicate) — no edges to count
-            }
-            for (i, j) in [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)] {
-                let (a, b) = (tri[i], tri[j]);
-                let key = if a < b { [a, b] } else { [b, a] };
-                *edges.entry(key).or_insert(0) += 1;
-            }
-        }
-        !edges.is_empty() && edges.values().all(|&c| c == 2)
-    }
-
     /// The output bounding box stays inside the input's: optimal points are clamped to
     /// edge segments (convex combinations of input positions).
     fn bbox_inside(input: &Geometry, out: &Geometry) -> bool {
@@ -1325,7 +1455,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(is_closed(&sph), "input is closed");
         let out = sph.decimated(t / 2);
         assert!(out.validate().is_ok());
-        assert!(is_closed(&out), "sphere stays closed");
+        // The attribute-aware weld slits the seam/poles (topological rims); rim
+        // protection keeps the rim faces alive, so the surface stays geometrically
+        // complete — no hole. Check: the seam column (u = 1) vertices all survive.
+        let seam = |g: &Geometry| {
+            g.positions
+                .iter()
+                .zip(g.uvs.as_ref().unwrap().iter())
+                .filter(|(_, uv)| uv[0] > 0.99)
+                .count()
+        };
+        let (si, so) = (seam(&sph), seam(&out));
+        assert!(
+            so >= si - 2,
+            "seam column survives (no hole at the slit): in={si}, out={so}"
+        );
         assert!(bbox_inside(&sph, &out));
         let in_z = sph
             .positions
@@ -1351,7 +1495,20 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(is_closed(&torus), "input is closed");
         let out = torus.decimated(t / 2);
         assert!(out.validate().is_ok());
-        assert!(is_closed(&out), "torus stays closed");
+        // As for the sphere: the welded seam is a rim; rim protection keeps the seam
+        // column alive → the surface stays geometrically complete (no hole at the slit).
+        let seam = |g: &Geometry| {
+            g.positions
+                .iter()
+                .zip(g.uvs.as_ref().unwrap().iter())
+                .filter(|(_, uv)| uv[0] > 0.99)
+                .count()
+        };
+        let (si, so) = (seam(&torus), seam(&out));
+        assert!(
+            so >= si - 2,
+            "seam column survives (no hole at the slit): in={si}, out={so}"
+        );
         assert!(bbox_inside(&torus, &out));
         assert!(
             out.num_triangles() as u32 <= t / 2,
@@ -1453,14 +1610,75 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn decimated_recomputes_unit_normals() {
+    fn decimated_inherits_source_normals() {
-        // Garbage (unnormalized) input normals; output normals must be unit length.
+        // Normals are INHERITED from the source, never recomputed from the faces (the
-        let geo = tri_fan().with_normals(vec![[9.0, 9.0, 9.0]; 7]);
+        // source's winding may be inward — recomputation would flip the lighting at the
+        // LOD switch). A collapse blends the pair's normals at the same λ and
+        // re-normalizes — with identical input normals the output is exactly the source
+        // value, so every output normal must equal [0,0,1].
+        let geo = tri_fan().with_normals(vec![[0.0, 0.0, 1.0]; 7]);
         let out = geo.decimated(2);
-        let normals = out.normals.expect("normals recomputed");
+        let normals = out.normals.expect("normals inherited");
         for n in &normals {
-            let len = (n[0] * n[0] + n[1] * n[1] + n[2] * n[2]).sqrt();
+            assert_eq!(*n, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0], "normal must equal the source's: {n:?}");
-            assert!((len - 1.0).abs() < 1e-5, "normal not unit: {n:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Regression (user-reported artifact): the decimated levels of a UV sphere must
+    /// keep their UVs close to the analytical parameterization AND their normals pointing
+    /// outward (inherited from the source — before the fix, normals were recomputed from
+    /// the inward-wound faces and pointed INWARD, deviation ≈ 2.0, far LOD looked flat).
+    #[test]
+    fn decimated_sphere_uv_and_normal_error() {
+        use crate::math::primitives;
+        let r = 0.55;
+        let geo = primitives::uv_sphere(r, 32, 20);
+        let levels = geo.generate_lod_levels(3);
+        let analytical = |p: [f32; 3]| -> [f32; 2] {
+            let mut theta = p[2].atan2(p[0]);
+            if theta < 0.0 {
+                theta += std::f32::consts::TAU;
+            }
+            let phi = (p[1] / r).clamp(-1.0, 1.0).acos();
+            [theta / std::f32::consts::TAU, phi / std::f32::consts::PI]
+        };
+        let udist = |a: f32, b: f32| {
+            let d = (a - b).abs();
+            d.min(1.0 - d)
+        };
+        // L0 is the untouched source (its seam keeps u = 0 by design) — check L1/L2 only.
+        for (i, lvl) in levels.iter().enumerate().filter(|(i, _)| *i > 0) {
+            let uvs = lvl.uvs.as_ref().expect("uvs");
+            let (mut max_e, mut sum_e) = (0.0f32, 0.0f32);
+            for (p, uv) in lvl.positions.iter().zip(uvs.iter()) {
+                let a = analytical(*p);
+                let e = if (p[1] / r).abs() > 0.999 {
+                    // Pole: a single point, the parameterization degenerates there — u is
+                    // arbitrary (even `atan2` flips on the ±0.0 of a pole vertex), check v only.
+                    (uv[1] - a[1]).abs()
+                } else {
+                    udist(uv[0], a[0]).max((uv[1] - a[1]).abs())
+                };
+                max_e = max_e.max(e);
+                sum_e += e;
+            }
+            let mean_e = sum_e / uvs.len() as f32;
+            assert!(
+                max_e < 0.25,
+                "L{i}: max UV error {max_e:.4} vs the analytical parameterization"
+            );
+            assert!(mean_e < 0.05, "L{i}: mean UV error {mean_e:.4}");
+            let norms = lvl.normals.as_ref().expect("normals");
+            let mut max_n = 0.0f32;
+            for (p, nrm) in lvl.positions.iter().zip(norms.iter()) {
+                let rl = (p[0] * p[0] + p[1] * p[1] + p[2] * p[2]).sqrt();
+                let dot = ((p[0] * nrm[0] + p[1] * nrm[1] + p[2] * nrm[2]) / rl).clamp(-1.0, 1.0);
+                max_n = max_n.max((1.0 - dot).max(0.0));
+            }
+            assert!(
+                max_n < 0.1,
+                "L{i}: normals must point outward (max deviation {max_n:.4})"
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -1543,10 +1761,53 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    /// A cylinder has two UV charts at the same ring positions (side band: v on the 0/1
+    /// lines; caps: a disc around (0.5, 0.5)). The attribute-aware weld keeps the
+    /// duplicates separate, so decimating must never blend the charts together.
     #[test]
-    fn welded_uv_first_encountered_wins() {
+    fn decimated_cylinder_keeps_charts() {
-        // Seam: the same position with different UVs — the first-encountered UV wins.
+        use crate::math::primitives;
-        let geo = Geometry::new(vec![
+        let cyl = primitives::cylinder(0.4, 0.9, 8);
+        let out = cyl.decimated(16);
+        assert!(out.validate().is_ok());
+        let uvs = out.uvs.as_ref().expect("uvs");
+        let mut cap_chart = false;
+        let mut side_chart = false;
+        for (p, uv) in out.positions.iter().zip(uvs.iter()) {
+            if p[1].abs() < 0.3 {
+                continue; // mid-height side vertices — not part of either ring chart
+            }
+            // A collapse blends UVs only along an edge, and no edge ever spans two
+            // charts (the weld kept them in separate vertex groups) — so a ring vertex's
+            // UV must stay inside one chart's region: the cap DISC (interior included —
+            // a blend of two ring points lies inside the disc) or the side v = 0/1 lines.
+            let d2 = (uv[0] - 0.5) * (uv[0] - 0.5) + (uv[1] - 0.5) * (uv[1] - 0.5);
+            let on_vline = uv[1] < 0.05 || uv[1] > 0.95;
+            if d2 <= 0.31 {
+                cap_chart = true; // inside the cap disc (ring or blended interior)
+            } else if on_vline {
+                side_chart = true; // on the v = 0/1 band lines
+            } else {
+                panic!(
+                    "chimera vertex at {:?}: uv {:?} belongs to neither chart",
+                    p, uv
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(
+            side_chart,
+            "the side chart ring survived (v on the 0/1 lines)"
+        );
+        assert!(cap_chart, "the cap chart ring survived (disc UVs)");
+    }
+
+    /// The weld is attribute-aware: it merges duplicates only when the UV and normal
+    /// charts agree — a seam (Δuv > ½ tile) or a hard edge (dot ≤ 0.9) stays separate,
+    /// so a collapse can never cross a chart boundary.
+    #[test]
+    fn welded_attribute_aware() {
+        // Seam: same position, different UVs (Δu = 9 > 0.5) → NOT welded.
+        let seam = Geometry::new(vec![
             [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
             [2.0, 0.0, 0.0],
             [0.0, 2.0, 0.0],
@@ -1561,15 +1822,48 @@ mod tests {
             [9.0, 9.0],
         ])
         .with_indices(vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2]);
-        let tris = geo.non_degenerate_triangles().unwrap();
+        let tris = seam.non_degenerate_triangles().unwrap();
-        let (positions, uvs, _colors, faces) = geo.welded(&tris);
+        let (positions, _normals, uvs, _colors, faces) = seam.welded(&tris);
-        assert_eq!(positions.len(), 4, "the seam duplicate welds into vertex 0");
+        assert_eq!(positions.len(), 5, "the seam duplicate stays separate");
+        assert_eq!(uvs.expect("uvs")[4], [9.0, 9.0], "its chart is preserved");
+        assert_eq!(faces, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 2]]);
+
+        // Same position, same UV, same normal → welded (first-encountered id wins).
+        let same = Geometry::new(vec![
+            [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+            [1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+            [0.0, 1.0, 0.0],
+            [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], // duplicate of vertex 0, identical attributes
+        ])
+        .with_uvs(vec![[0.0, 0.0], [0.2, 0.0], [0.0, 0.2], [0.0, 0.0]])
+        .with_normals(vec![[0.0, 0.0, 1.0]; 4])
+        .with_indices(vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2]);
+        let tris = same.non_degenerate_triangles().unwrap();
+        let (positions, _normals, _uvs, _colors, _faces) = same.welded(&tris);
         assert_eq!(
-            uvs.expect("uvs")[0],
+            positions.len(),
-            [0.0, 0.0],
+            3,
-            "first-encountered UV wins"
+            "the identical duplicate welds into vertex 0"
         );
-        assert_eq!(faces, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 0, 2]]);
+
+        // Same position + UV, different normal (hard edge, dot = 0 ≤ 0.9) → NOT welded.
+        let hard = Geometry::new(vec![
+            [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+            [1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+            [0.0, 1.0, 0.0],
+            [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], // duplicate of vertex 0, perpendicular normal
+        ])
+        .with_uvs(vec![[0.0, 0.0], [0.2, 0.0], [0.0, 0.2], [0.0, 0.0]])
+        .with_normals(vec![
+            [0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
+            [0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
+            [0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
+            [1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+        ])
+        .with_indices(vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2]);
+        let tris = hard.non_degenerate_triangles().unwrap();
+        let (positions, _normals, _uvs, _colors, _faces) = hard.welded(&tris);
+        assert_eq!(positions.len(), 4, "the hard-edge duplicate stays separate");
     }
 
     #[test]